A Drop of Blood Leaves the Heart and Circles Back Again

False claim that Jews killed Christians to use blood in ceremonies

Statue of Simon of Trent, an Italian child whose disappearance and decease was blamed on the leaders of the city's Jewish customs

Blood libel or ritual murder libel (as well claret allegation)^{[1] [two]} is an antisemitic canard^{[3] [4] [5]} which falsely accuses Jews of murdering Christian boys (or other gentiles) in order to employ their blood in the performance of religious rituals.^{[1] [2] [6]} Historically, echoing very old myths of hush-hush cultic practices in many prehistoric societies, the merits as it is leveled against Jews, was rarely attested to in antiquity. Information technology was however, oft attached to early communities of Christians in the Roman Empire, reemerging as a Christian accusation confronting Jews in the medieval menstruation.^{[vii] [8]} This libel—alongside those of well poisoning and host desecration—became a major theme of the persecution of Jews in Europe from that menstruum to the nowadays day.^[four]

Blood libels typically merits that Jews require human being blood for the baking of matzos, an unleavened flatbread which is eaten during Passover, although this element of the accusation was allegedly absent-minded in the earliest blood libels in which then-contemporary Jews were defendant of reenacting the crucifixion. The accusations ofttimes assert that the blood of Christian children is especially coveted, and historically, blood libel claims take been made in order to account for the otherwise unexplained deaths of children. In some cases, the declared victims of human sacrifice take become venerated as Christian martyrs. Iii of these – William of Norwich, Picayune Saint Hugh of Lincoln, and Simon of Trent – became objects of local cults and veneration; and although he was never canonized, the veneration of Simon was added to the General Roman Calendar. One kid who was allegedly murdered by Jews, Gabriel of Białystok, was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.

In Jewish lore, blood libels served equally the impetus for the writing of the Golem of Prague by Rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel in the 16th century.^[9] According to Walter Laqueur:

Altogether, there have been about 150 recorded cases of blood libel (not to mention thousands of rumors) that resulted in the abort and killing of Jews throughout history, most of them in the Centre Ages. In most every case, Jews were murdered, sometimes by a mob, sometimes following torture and a trial.^[10]

The term 'blood libel' has also been used in reference to any unpleasant or damaging false accusation, and as a result, it has caused a broader metaphoric meaning. Withal, this wider usage of the term remains controversial, because Jewish groups object to information technology.^{[11] [12] [13]}

History [edit]

The primeval versions of the accusations involving Jews supposedly crucifying Christian children on Easter/Passover is said to exist considering of a prophecy. There is no reference to the use of blood in unleavened matzo staff of life, which evolves afterwards as a major motivation for the crime.^[14]

Possible precursors [edit]

The earliest known instance of a blood libel is from a sure Democritus (not the philosopher) only mentioned past the Suda,^[xv] who alleged that "every seven years the Jews captured a stranger, brought him to the temple in Jerusalem, and sacrificed him, cutting his mankind into $.25."^[xvi] The Greco-Egyptian author Apion claimed that Jews sacrificed Greek victims in their temple. This allegation is known from Josephus' rebuttal of it in Against Apion. Apion states that when Antiochus Epiphanes entered the temple in Jerusalem, he discovered a Greek convict, who told him that he was existence fattened for sacrifice. Every twelvemonth, Apion claimed, the Jews would sacrifice a Greek and consume his mankind, at the same time swearing eternal hatred towards the Greeks.^[17] Apion'due south claim probably repeats ideas already in circulation considering similar claims are made by Posidonius and Apollonius Molon in the 1st century BCE.^[xviii] Another example concerns the murder of a Christian boy by a group of Jewish youths. Socrates Scholasticus (fl. 5th century) reported that some Jews, in a drunken frolic, bound a Christian child to a cantankerous in mockery of the decease of Christ and scourged him until he died.^[19]

Professor Israel Jacob Yuval of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem published an commodity in 1993 which argues that the blood libel may accept originated in the 12th century from Christian views of Jewish behavior during the Showtime Crusade. Some Jews committed suicide and killed their ain children rather than be subjected to forced conversions. Yuval investigated Christian reports of these events and stated that they were greatly distorted, with claims that, if Jews could kill their own children, they could also impale the children of Christians. Yuval rejects the blood libel story every bit a fantasy of some Christians which could not contain any element of truth in information technology due to the precarious nature of the Jewish minority'southward existence in Christian Europe.^{[20] [21]}

Origins in England [edit]

The crucifixion of William of Norwich depicted on a rood screen in Holy Trinity church, Loddon, Norfolk

In England in 1144, the Jews of Norwich were falsely defendant of ritual murder after a male child, William of Norwich, was plant dead with stab wounds in the woods. William's hagiographer, Thomas of Monmouth, falsely claimed that every year there is an international council of Jews at which they choose the country in which a kid will exist killed during Easter, because of a Jewish prophecy that states that the killing of a Christian child each year will ensure that the Jews will be restored to the Holy Country. In 1144, England was called, and the leaders of the Jewish customs delegated the Jews of Norwich to perform the killing. They then abducted and crucified William.^[22] The legend was turned into a cult, with William acquiring the status of a martyr and pilgrims bringing offerings to the local church building.^[23]

This was followed by similar accusations in Gloucester (1168), Bury St Edmunds (1181) and Bristol (1183). In 1189, the Jewish deputation attending the coronation of Richard the Lionheart was attacked by the crowd. Massacres of Jews at London and York shortly followed. In 1190 on sixteen March 150 Jews were attacked in York so massacred when they took refuge in the imperial castle, where Clifford's Belfry now stands, with some committing suicide rather than being taken by the mob.^[24] The remains of 17 bodies thrown in a well in Norwich betwixt the 12th and 13th century (five that were shown by DNA testing to likely be members of a single Jewish family) were very perhaps killed as function of one of these pogroms.^[25]

After the decease of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln, at that place were trials and executions of Jews.^[26] The instance is mentioned by Matthew Paris and Chaucer, and thus has get well-known. Its notoriety sprang from the intervention of the Crown, the outset time an accusation of ritual killing had been given purple credibility.

The eight-twelvemonth-quondam Hugh disappeared at Lincoln on 31 July 1255. His body was probably discovered on 29 Baronial, in a well. A Jew named Copin or Koppin confessed to involvement. He confessed to John of Lexington, a servant of the crown, and relative of the Bishop of Lincoln. He confessed that the boy had been crucified by the Jews, who had assembled at Lincoln for that purpose. Rex Henry III, who had reached Lincoln at the beginning of October, had Copin executed and 91 of the Jews of Lincoln seized and sent upward to London, where 18 of them were executed. The balance were pardoned at the intercession of the Franciscans or Dominicans.^[27] Inside a few decades, Jews would be expelled from all of England in 1290 and not allowed to render until 1657.

Continental Europe [edit]

Simon of Trent blood libel. Illustration in Hartmann Schedel'south Weltchronik, 1493

Much like the blood libel of England, the history of blood libel in continental Europe consists of unsubstantiated claims made about the corpses of Christian children. In that location were frequently associated supernatural events speculated about these discoveries and corpses, events which were often attributed past contemporaries to miracles. Likewise, just as in England, these accusations in continental Europe typically resulted in the execution of numerous Jews — sometimes even all, or close to all, the Jews in one town. These accusations and their effects also, in some cases, led to imperial interference on behalf of the Jews.

Thomas of Monmouth's story of the annual Jewish meeting to make up one's mind which local customs would impale a Christian kid likewise rapidly spread to the continent. An early version appears in Bonum Universale de Apibus two. 29, § 23, by Thomas of Cantimpré (a monastery virtually Cambray). Thomas wrote, in around 1260, "It is quite certain that the Jews of every province annually decide by lot which congregation or city is to transport Christian blood to the other congregations." Thomas of Cantimpré also believed that since the fourth dimension when the Jews called out to Pontius Pilate, "His blood be on us, and on our children" (Matthew 27:25), they take been afflicted with hemorrhages, a condition equated with male person menstruation:^[28]

A very learned Jew, who in our day has been converted to the (Christian) religion, informs us that 1 enjoying the reputation of a prophet amongst them, toward the shut of his life, fabricated the following prediction: 'Be assured that relief from this secret ailment, to which you are exposed, can only be obtained through Christian blood ("solo sanguine Christiano").' This suggestion was followed past the ever-blind and impious Jews, who instituted the custom of annually shedding Christian blood in every province, in order that they might recover from their malady.

Thomas added that the Jews had misunderstood the words of their prophet, who by his expression "solo sanguine Christiano" had meant non the blood of any Christian, but that of Jesus – the but true remedy for all concrete and spiritual suffering. Thomas did not mention the name of the "very learned" proselyte, just it may have been Nicholas Donin of La Rochelle, who, in 1240, had a disputation on the Talmud with Yechiel of Paris, and who in 1242 caused the called-for of numerous Talmudic manuscripts in Paris. It is known that Thomas was personally acquainted with Nicholas. Nicholas Donin and another Jewish convert, Theobald of Cambridge, are greatly credited with the adoption and the conventionalities of the blood libel myth in Europe.^[29]

The first known case outside England was in Blois, France, in 1171. This was the site of a blood libel accusation confronting the town's unabridged Jewish community that led to effectually 31–33 Jews (with 17 women making up this total^[30])^{[31] [32]} existence burned to death.^[33] on 29 May of that year, or the 20th of Sivan of 4931.^[31] The claret libel revolved around R. Isaac, a Jew whom a Christian retainer reported had deposited a murdered Christian in the Loire.^[34] The kid'due south torso was never establish. The count had about 40 adult Blois Jews arrested and they were eventually to be burned. The surviving members of the Blois Jewish community, too as surviving holy texts, were ransomed. As a result of this case, the Jews garnered new promises from the king. The burned bodies of the sentenced Jews were supposedly maintained unblemished through the burning, a claim which is a well-known miracle, martyr myth for both Jews and Christians.^[34] There is meaning primary source material from this case including a alphabetic character revealing moves for Jewish protection with King Louis VII.^[35] Responding to the mass execution, the 20th of Sivan was alleged a fast day by Rabbenu Tam.^[thirty] In this case in Blois, there was not yet the myth proclaimed that Jews needed the blood of Christians.^[30]

Painting of Werner of Oberwesel as a martyr

In 1235, after the dead bodies of five boys were found on Christmas day in Fulda, the inhabitants of the boondocks claimed the Jews had killed them to swallow their blood, and burned 34 Jews to death with the help of Crusaders assembled at the time. Even though emperor Frederick II cleared the Jews of whatever wrongdoing later on an investigation, blood libel accusations persisted in Germany.^{[36] [37]} At Pforzheim, Baden, in 1267, a adult female supposedly sold a girl to Jews who, co-ordinate to the myth, and so cut her open and dumped her in the Enz River, where boatmen found her; the daughter cried for vengeance, and so died. The trunk was said to have bled as the Jews were brought to it. The woman and the Jews allegedly confessed and were later killed.^[38] That a judicial execution was summarily committed in consequence of the accusation is evident from the mode in which the Nuremberg "Memorbuch" and the synagogal poems refer to the incident.^[39]

In 1270, at Weissenburg, of Alsace,^[40] a supposed miracle solitary decided the charge against the Jews. A child's body had shown upward in the Lauter River; it was claimed that Jews had cut into the child to acquire his blood, and that the kid continued bleeding for five days.^[40]

At Oberwesel, near Easter of 1287,^[41] alleged miracles again constituted the simply evidence against the Jews. In this case, it was claimed that the corpse of the 16-year-old Werner of Oberwesel (also referred to every bit "Expert Werner") landed at Bacharach and the trunk performed miracles, specially medicinal miracles.^[42] Low-cal was also said to accept been emitted by the body. ^[43] Reportedly, the kid was hung upside down, forced to throw upwards the host and was cut open.^[42] In effect, the Jews of Oberwesel and many other adjacent localities were severely persecuted during the years 1286-89. The Jews of Oberwesel were peculiarly targeted because in that location were no Jews remaining in Bacharach following a 1283 pogrom. Additionally, there were pogroms following this case as well at and around Oberwesel.^[44] Rudolph of Habsburg, to whom the Jews had appealed for protection, in order to manage the miracle story, had the archbishop of Mainz declare great wrong had been done to the Jew. This apparent proclamation was very limited in effectiveness.^[44]

A statement was made, in the Relate of Konrad Justinger of 1423, that at Bern in 1293^[45] or 1294 the Jews tortured and murdered a boy called Rudolph (sometimes also referred to every bit Rudolph, Ruff, or Ruof). The body was reportedly found by the business firm of Jöly, a Jew. The Jewish community was then implicated. The penalties imposed upon the Jews included torture, execution, expulsion, and steep fiscal fines. Justinger argued Jews were out to harm Christianity.^[45] The historical impossibility^{[ clarification needed ]} of this widely credited story was demonstrated by Jakob Stammler, pastor of Bern, in 1888.^[46]

There accept been several explanations put forth equally to why these claret libel accusations were made and perpetuated. For case, it has been argued Thomas of Monmouth'south account and other like false accusations, equally well as their perpetuation, largely had to do with the economical and political interests of leaders who did, in fact, perpetuate these myths.^[47] Additionally, it was largely believed in Europe that Jews used Christian claret for medicinal and other purposes.^[48] Despite the unsubstantiated, mythical nature of these claims, also as their sources, they plainly materially impacted the communities in which they occurred including both the Jewish and non-Jewish populations.

Renaissance and Baroque [edit]

From an 18th-century etching from Brückenturm. Above: The murdered body of Simon of Trent. Below: The "Judensau"

Simon of Trent, aged 2, disappeared in 1475, and his father alleged that he had been kidnapped and murdered past the local Jewish community. 15 local Jews were sentenced to death and burned. Simon was regarded locally as a saint, although he was never canonised by the church of Rome. He was removed from the Roman Martyrology in 1965 by Pope Paul VI.

Christopher of Toledo, also known as Christopher of La Guardia or "the Holy Child of La Guardia", was a four-year-one-time Christian boy supposedly murdered in 1490 by ii Jews and three conversos (converts to Christianity). In total, eight men were executed. It is now believed^[49] that this example was constructed by the Castilian Inquisition to facilitate the expulsion of Jews from Spain.

In a example at Tyrnau (Nagyszombat, today Trnava, Slovakia), the applesauce, even the impossibility, of the statements forced by torture from women and children shows that the accused preferred death every bit a means of escape from the torture, and admitted everything that was asked of them. They even said that Jewish men menstruated and that the latter therefore practiced the drinking of Christian blood as a remedy.^[50]

At Bösing (Bazin, today Pezinok, Slovakia), it was charged that a nine-year-sometime boy had been bled to death, suffering cruel torture; xxx Jews confessed to the crime and were publicly burned. The truthful facts of the example were disclosed after when the child was found alive in Vienna. He had been taken there by the accuser, Count Wolf of Bazin, as a means of ridding himself of his Jewish creditors at Bazin.^{[51] [52]}

In Rinn, about Innsbruck, a male child named Andreas Oxner (also known equally Anderl von Rinn) was said to have been bought past Jewish merchants and cruelly murdered by them in a woods near the urban center, his blood being advisedly nerveless in vessels. The accusation of drawing off the blood (without murder) was non made until the starting time of the 17th century when the cult was founded. The older inscription in the church of Rinn, dating from 1575, is distorted past fabulous embellishments – for example, that the money paid for the male child to his godfather turned into leaves, and that a lily blossomed upon his grave. The cult connected until officially prohibited in 1994, by the Bishop of Innsbruck.^[53]

On 17 January 1670 Raphael Levy, a member of the Jewish community of Metz, was executed on charges of the ritual murder of a peasant child who had gone missing in the woods outside the village of Glatigny on 25 September 1669, the eve of Rosh Hashanah.^[54]

19th century [edit]

I of the kid-saints in the Russian Orthodox Church is the half dozen-twelvemonth-old boy Gavriil Belostoksky from the village Zverki. According to the legend supported by the church, the boy was kidnapped from his home during the holiday of Passover while his parents were abroad. Shutko, who was a Jew from Białystok, was accused of bringing the boy to Białystok, piercing him with sharp objects and draining his claret for ix days, then bringing the trunk dorsum to Zverki and dumping information technology at a local field. A cult developed, and the male child was canonized in 1820. His relics are however the object of pilgrimage. On All Saints Day, 27 July 1997, the Byelorussian country TV showed a film alleging the story is true.^[55] The revival of the cult in Belarus was cited as a dangerous expression of antisemitism in international reports on human being rights and religious freedoms^{[56] [57] [58] [59] [threescore]} which were passed to the UNHCR.^[61]

• 1823–35 Velizh blood libel: After a Christian child was found murdered exterior of this pocket-sized Russian town in 1823, accusations past a boozer prostitute led to the imprisonment of many local Jews. Some were not released until 1835.^[62]
• 1840 Damascus affair: In February, at Damascus, a Catholic monk named Father Thomas and his servant disappeared. The accusation of ritual murder was brought against members of the Jewish community of Damascus.
• 1840 Rhodes blood libel: The Jews of Rhodes, under the Ottoman Empire, were accused of murdering a Greek Christian male child. The libel was supported by the local governor and the European consuls posted to Rhodes. Several Jews were arrested and tortured, and the entire Jewish quarter was blockaded for twelve days. An investigation carried out by the central Ottoman government found the Jews to be innocent.
• In 1844 David Paul Drach, the son of the Head Rabbi of Paris and a catechumen to Christianity, wrote in his book De Fifty'harmonie Entre L'eglise et la Synagogue, that a Cosmic priest in Damascus had been ritually killed and the murder covered upwardly by powerful Jews in Europe; referring to the 1840 Damascus affair [See to a higher place]
• In March 1879, ten Jewish men from a mountain village were brought to Kutaisi, Georgia to stand trial for the alleged kidnapping and murder of a Christian girl. The example attracted a great deal of attention in Russia (of which Georgia was and so a part): "While periodicals equally diverse in tendency as Herald of Europe and Petrograd Notices expressed their amazement that medieval prejudice should have constitute a place in the modern judiciary of a civilized state, New Times hinted darkly of foreign Jewish sects with unknown practices."^[63] The trial concluded in acquittal, and the orientalist Daniel Chwolson published a refutation of the blood libel.
• 1882 Tiszaeszlár claret libel: The Jews of the hamlet of Tiszaeszlár, Hungary were defendant of the ritual murder of a xiv-year-former Christian girl, Eszter Solymosi. The case was 1 of the master causes of the rise of antisemitism in the land. The defendant persons were eventually acquitted.
• In 1899 Hilsner Thing: Leopold Hilsner, a Czech Jewish vagabond, was accused of murdering a nineteen-year-old Christian woman, Anežka Hrůzová, with a slash to the pharynx. Despite the absurdity of the charge and the relatively progressive nature of lodge in Austro-hungarian empire, Hilsner was bedevilled and sentenced to death. He was after convicted of an boosted unsolved murder, also involving a Christian woman. In 1901, the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Tomáš Masaryk, a prominent Austro-Czech philosophy professor and futurity president of Czechoslovakia, spearheaded Hilsner's defense. He was later blamed by Czech media because of this. In March 1918, Hilsner was pardoned by Austrian emperor Charles I. He was never exonerated, and the true guilty parties were never found.

20th century and beyond [edit]

• The 1903 Kishinev pogrom, an anti-Jewish revolt, started when an anti-Semitic newspaper wrote that a Christian Russian male child, Mikhail Rybachenko, was constitute murdered in the town of Dubossary, alleging that the Jews killed him in club to use the claret in preparation of matzo. Effectually 49 Jews were killed and hundreds were wounded, with over 700 houses being looted and destroyed.
• In the 1910 Shiraz claret libel, the Jews of Shiraz, Iran, were falsely accused of murdering a Muslim girl. The entire Jewish quarter was pillaged; the pogrom left 12 Jews expressionless and about fifty injured.^[64]

Antisemitic flier in Kyiv, 1915: "Christians, have care of your children!!! It will be Jewish Passover on 17 March."

• In Kyiv, a Jewish manufactory manager, Menahem Mendel Beilis, was accused of murdering Andrei Yushchinsky, a Christian child, and using his blood to make matzos. He was acquitted by an all-Christian jury after a sensational trial in 1913.^[65]
• In 1928, the Jews of Massena, New York were falsely defendant of kidnapping and killing a Christian girl in the Massena claret libel.
• Jews were oft defendant of the ritual murder of Christians for their claret in Der Stürmer, an antisemitic newspaper which was published in Nazi Federal republic of germany. The infamous May 1934 effect of the newspaper was later banned by the Nazi authorities, because it went so far as to compare alleged Jewish ritual murder with the Christian rite of communion.^[66]
• In 1938 the British fascist politician and veterinarian Arnold Leese published an antisemitic booklet in defence of the Blood Libel which he titled My Irrelevant Defense: Meditations inside Gaol and Out on Jewish Ritual Murder.
• The 1944–1946 Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, which according to some estimates killed as many as 1000–2000 Jews (237 documented cases),^[67] involved, among other elements, accusations of claret libel, particularly in the instance of the 1946 Kielce pogrom.
• King Faisal of Kingdom of saudi arabia (r. 1964–1975) made accusations against Parisian Jews that took the form of a blood libel.^[68]

• The Matzah Of Zion was written by the Syrian Defence force Minister, Mustafa Tlass in 1986. The volume concentrates on two problems: renewed ritual murder accusations against the Jews in the Damascus affair of 1840, and The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.^[69] The book was cited at a Un conference in 1991 by a Syrian consul. On 21 October 2002, the London-based Arabic newspaper Al-Hayat reported that the book The Matzah of Zion was undergoing its eighth reprinting and information technology was also being translated into English language, French and Italian.^{[ citation needed ]} Egyptian filmmaker Munir Radhi has appear plans to adjust the book into a moving-picture show.^[70]
• In 2003, a private Syrian film company created a 29-part television series Ash-Shatat ("The Diaspora"). This series originally aired in Lebanon in belatedly 2003 and it was after broadcast by Al-Manar, a satellite television network owned by Hezbollah. This Television receiver series, based on the antisemitic forgery The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, shows the Jewish people engaging in a conspiracy to rule the globe, and it also presents Jews as people who murder the children of Christians, drain their blood and use it to bake matzah.^{[ citation needed ]}
• In early January 2005, some xx members of the Russian Land Duma publicly made a blood libel accusation against the Jewish people. They approached the Prosecutor General'south Office and demanded that Russia "ban all Jewish organizations." They accused all Jewish groups of existence extremist, "anti-Christian and inhumane, and fifty-fifty accused them of practices that include ritual murders." Alluding to previous antisemitic Russian court decrees that defendant the Jews of ritual murder, they wrote that "Many facts of such religious extremism were proven in courts." The accusation included traditional antisemitic canards, such as the claim that "the whole democratic globe today is under the financial and political control of international Jewry. And we practice not want our Russian federation to be among such unfree countries". This demand was published as an open up letter to the prosecutor full general, in Rus Pravoslavnaya ( Русь православная , "Orthodox Russia"), a national-conservative newspaper. This group consisted of members of the ultra-nationalist Liberal Democrats, the Communist faction, and the nationalist Motherland party, with some 500 supporters. The mentioned certificate is known as "The Alphabetic character of Five Hundred" ("Письмо пятисот").^{[71] [72]} Their supporters included editors of nationalist newspapers also as journalists. Past the finish of the calendar month, this group was strongly criticized, and it retracted its demand in response.

Painting of blood libel in Sandomierz Cathedral

• At the finish of Apr 2005, five boys, ages nine to 12, in Krasnoyarsk (Russia) disappeared. In May 2005, their burnt bodies were found in the metropolis sewage. The crime was not disclosed, and in Baronial 2007 the investigation was extended until 18 Nov 2007.^[73] Some Russian nationalist groups claimed that the children were murdered past a Jewish sect with a ritual purpose.^{[74] [75]} Nationalist Yard. Nazarov, one of the authors of "The Letter of Five Hundred" alleges "the existence of a 'Hasidic sect', whose members kill children earlier Passover to collect their blood", using the Beilis case mentioned above every bit testify. 1000.Nazarov as well alleges that "the ritual murder requires throwing the trunk away rather than its concealing". "The Union of the Russian People" demanded officials thoroughly investigate the Jews, not stopping at the search in synagogues, Matzah bakeries and their offices.^[76]
• During a spoken communication in 2007, Raed Salah, the leader of the northern co-operative of the Islamic Motion in Israel, referred to Jews in Europe having in the past used children's blood to bake holy bread. "We have never immune ourselves to knead [the dough for] the bread that breaks the fast in the holy month of Ramadan with children's claret", he said. "Whoever wants a more thorough explanation, let him ask what used to happen to some children in Europe, whose blood was mixed in with the dough of the [Jewish] holy bread."^[77]
• In the 2000s, a Smooth team of anthropologists and sociologists investigated the currency of the claret libel myth in Sandomierz where a painting depicting the claret libel adorns the Cathedral and Orthodox faithful in villages nigh Bialystok, and they discovered that these beliefs persist amidst some Catholic and Orthodox Christians.^{[78] [79] [80]}
• In an accost that aired on Al-Aqsa TV, a Hamas run Goggle box station in Gaza, on 31 March 2010, Salah Eldeen Sultan (Arabic: صلاح الدين سلطان), founder of the American Center for Islamic Research in Columbus, Ohio, the Islamic American University in Southfield, Michigan, and the Sultan Publishing Co.^[81] and described in 2005 as "one of America'south most noted Muslim scholars", declared that Jews kidnap Christians and others in social club to slaughter them and apply their blood for making matzos. Sultan, who is currently a lecturer on Muslim jurisprudence at Cairo Academy stated that: "The Zionists kidnap several non-Muslims [sic] – Christians and others... this happened in a Jewish neighborhood in Damascus. They killed the French doctor, Toma, who used to treat the Jews and others for free, in order to spread Christianity. Even though he was their friend and they benefited from him the well-nigh, they took him on one of these holidays and slaughtered him, along with the nurse. Then they kneaded the matzos with the blood of Dr. Toma and his nurse. They do this every year. The world must know these facts virtually the Zionist entity and its terrible corrupt creed. The world should know this." (Translation past the Heart East Media Research Institute)^{[82] [83] [84] [85] [86]}
• During an interview which aired on Rotana Khalijiya Tv set on thirteen August 2012, Saudi Cleric Salman Al-Odeh stated (as translated by MEMRI) that "It is well known that the Jews gloat several holidays, i of which is the Passover, or the Matzos Holiday. I read once about a medico who was working in a laboratory. This physician lived with a Jewish family. One day, they said to him: 'Nosotros want blood. Get u.s. some homo blood.' He was confused. He didn't know what this was all about. Of course, he couldn't betray his work ethics in such a way, but he began inquiring, and he found that they were making matzos with human blood." Al-Odeh as well stated that "[Jews] eat information technology, believing that this brings them close to their false god, Yahweh" and that "They would lure a child in order to sacrifice him in the religious rite that they perform during that vacation."^{[87] [88]}
• In April 2013, the Palestinian non-turn a profit system MIFTAH, founded by Hanan Ashrawi apologized for publishing an article which criticized US President Barack Obama for belongings a Passover Seder in the White House by saying "Does Obama, in fact, know the relationship, for case, between 'Passover' and 'Christian blood'...?! Or 'Passover' and 'Jewish blood rituals?!' Much of the chatter and gossip about historical Jewish blood rituals in Europe is existent and not imitation as they claim; the Jews used the blood of Christians in the Jewish Passover." MIFTAH's apology expressed its "sincerest regret."^[89]
• In an interview which aired on Al-Hafez TV on 12 May 2013, Khaled Al-Zaafrani of the Egyptian Justice and Progress Party, stated (as translated by MEMRI): "It's well known that during the Passover, they [the Jews] brand matzos called the 'Blood of Zion.' They take a Christian child, slit his throat and slaughter him. Then they take his claret and make their [matzos]. This is a very important rite for the Jews, which they never forgo... They slice information technology and fight over who gets to consume Christian blood." In the same interview, Al-Zaafrani stated that "The French kings and the Russian czars discovered this in the Jewish quarters. All the massacring of Jews that occurred in those countries were because they discovered that the Jews had kidnapped and slaughtered children, in order to brand the Passover matzos."^{[90] [91] [92]}
• In an interview which aired on the Al-Quds Television channel on 28 July 2014 (as translated past MEMRI), Osama Hamdan, the height representative of Hamas in Lebanon, stated that "we all remember how the Jews used to slaughter Christians, in order to mix their blood in their holy matzos. This is not a figment of imagination or something taken from a film. It is a fact, best-selling by their own books and past historical testify."^[93] In a subsequent interview with CNN'due south Wolf Blitzer, Hamdan dedicated his comments, stating that he "has Jewish friends".^[94]
• In a sermon circulate on the official Jordanian Tv set aqueduct on 22 August 2014, Sheik Bassam Ammoush, a old Government minister of Authoritative Development who was appointed to Hashemite kingdom of jordan's House of Senate ("Majlis al-Aayan") in 2011, stated (as translated by MEMRI): "In [the Gaza Strip] we are dealing with the enemies of Allah, who believe that the matzos that they bake on their holidays must exist kneaded with blood. When the Jews were in the diaspora, they would murder children in England, in Europe, and in America. They would slaughter them and use their blood to make their matzos... They believe that they are God'southward chosen people. They believe that the killing of any homo beingness is a grade of worship and a ways to draw near their god."^[95]
• In March 2020, Italian painter Giovanni Gasparro unveiled a painting of the martyrdom of Simon of Trent, titled "Martirio di San Simonino da Trento (Simone Unverdorben), per omicidio rituale ebraico (The Martyrdom of St. Simon of Trento in accordance with Jewish ritual murder)". The painting was condemned by the Italian Jewish community and the Simon Wiesenthal Heart, among others.^{[96] [97]}
• The QAnon conspiracy theory has been defendant of advancing blood libel tropes through its belief that Hollywood elites are harvesting adrenochrome from children through Satanic ritual abuse in order to become immortal.^[98] In February 2022, a sculpture of Simon of Trent depicting the blood libel was used to erroneously promote the adrenochrome-harvesting conspiracy theory.^[99]

Views of the Cosmic Church building [edit]

The mental attitude of the Catholic Church building towards these accusations and the cults venerating children supposedly killed by Jews has varied over time. The Papacy mostly opposed them, although it had problems in enforcing its opposition.

In 1911, the Dictionnaire apologétique de la foi catholique, an important French Catholic encyclopedia, published an assay of the blood libel accusations.^[100] This may be taken as being broadly representative of educated Catholic stance in continental Europe at that time. The article noted that the popes had by and large refrained from endorsing the claret libel, and it concluded that the accusations were unproven in a general sense, only it left open the possibility that some Jews had committed ritual murders of Christians. Other contemporary Catholic sources (notably the Jesuit periodical La Civiltà Cattolica) promoted the blood libel equally truth.^[101]

Today, the accusations are almost entirely discredited in Catholic circles, and the cults associated with them have fallen into disfavour.^{[ citation needed ]} For example, Simon of Trent's local status as a saint was removed in 1965.

Papal pronouncements [edit]

• Pope Innocent 4 took action against the claret libel: "5 July 1247 Mandate to the prelates of Germany and France to annul all measures adopted against the Jews on account of the ritual murder libel, and to prevent the accusation of Arabs on similar charges" (The Churchly See and the Jews, Documents: 492–1404; Simonsohn, Shlomo, pp. 188–189, 193–195, 208). In 1247, he wrote besides that "Certain of the clergy, and princes, nobles and neat lords of your cities and dioceses have falsely devised certain godless plans against the Jews, unjustly depriving them by force of their property, and appropriating information technology themselves;... they falsely charge them with dividing upwards amidst themselves on the Passover the heart of a murdered boy...In their malice, they accredit every murder, wherever it chance to occur, to the Jews. And on the ground of these and other fabrications, they are filled with rage confronting them, rob them of their possessions without any formal accusation, without confession, and without legal trial and conviction, contrary to the privileges granted to them by the Apostolic See... Since it is our pleasure that they shall non be disturbed,... we ordain that ye bear towards them in a friendly and kind manner. Whenever any unjust attacks upon them come nether your notice, redress their injuries, and exercise not suffer them to exist visited in the future by similar tribulations."^[102]
• Pope Gregory X (1271–1276) issued a letter which criticized the practice of blood libels and forbade arrests and persecution of Jews based on a claret libel, ... unless which we practice not believe they be caught in the commission of the criminal offense. ^[103]
• Pope Paul 3, in a bull of 12 May 1540, fabricated clear his displeasure at having learned, through the complaints of the Jews of Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland, that their enemies, looking for a pretext to lay their hands on the Jews' property, were falsely attributing terrible crimes to them, in particular that of killing children and drinking their claret.
• Pope Benedict XIV wrote the balderdash Beatus Andreas (22 February 1755) in response to an awarding for the formal canonization of the 15th-century Andreas Oxner, a folk saint declared to have been murdered by Jews "out of hatred for the Christian faith". Bridegroom did not dispute the factual claim that Jews murdered Christian children, and in anticipating that further cases on this basis would be brought appears to have accepted it as accurate, but decreed that in such cases beatification or canonization would be inappropriate.^[104]

Blood libels in Muslim lands [edit]

In late 1553 or 1554, Suleiman the Magnificent, the reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, issued a firman (regal decree) which formally denounced claret libels against the Jews.^[105] In 1840, post-obit the Western outrage arising from the Damascus thing, British politician and leader of the British Jewish community, Sir Moses Montefiore, backed by other influential westerners including United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland's Lord Palmerston and Damascus consul Charles Henry Churchill,^[106] the French lawyer Adolphe Crémieux, Austrian consul Giovanni Gasparo Merlato, Danish missionary John Nicolayson,^[106] and Solomon Munk, persuaded Sultan Abdulmecid I in Constantinople, to consequence a firman on six November 1840 intended to halt the spread of blood libel accusations in the Ottoman Empire. The edict alleged that claret libel accusations were a slander against Jews and they would be prohibited throughout the Ottoman Empire, and read in function:

"... and for the love we comport to our subjects, we cannot allow the Jewish nation, whose innocence for the crime alleged against them is evident, to be worried and tormented as a upshot of accusations which take not the to the lowest degree foundation in truth...".

In the remainder of the 19th century and into the 20th century, there were many instances of the blood libel in Ottoman lands.^[107] However the libel near e'er came from the Christian community, sometimes with the connivance of Greek or French diplomats.^[107] The Jews could unremarkably count on the goodwill of the Ottoman authorities and increasingly on the support of British, Prussian and Austrian representatives.^[107]

In the 1910 Shiraz blood libel, the Jews of Shiraz, Islamic republic of iran, were falsely accused of murdering a Muslim girl. The entire Jewish quarter was pillaged, with the pogrom leaving 12 Jews dead and almost 50 injured.

In 1983, Mustafa Tlass, the Syrian Minister of Defense, wrote and published The Matzah of Zion, which is a treatment of the Damascus affair of 1840 that repeats the ancient "blood libel", that Jews utilise the claret of murdered non-Jews in religious rituals such as baking Matza bread.^[108] In this volume, he argues that the true religious behavior of Jews are "blackness hatred against all humans and religions", and no Arab state should ever sign a peace treaty with Israel.^[109] Tlass re-printed the book several times. Following the book's publication, Tlass told Der Spiegel, that this accusation against Jews was valid and he also claimed that his book is "an historical study ... based on documents from French republic, Vienna and the American Academy in Beirut."^{[109] [110]}

In 2003, the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram published a serial of articles past Osama El-Baz, a senior advisor to the then Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Amidst other things, Osama El-Baz explained the origins of the claret libel confronting the Jews. He said that Arabs and Muslims have never been antisemitic, as a grouping, merely he accepted the fact that a few Arab writers and media figures attack Jews "on the basis of the racist fallacies and myths that originated in Europe". He urged people not to succumb to "myths" such as the blood libel.^[111]

However, on many occasions in modern times, blood libel stories have appeared in the land-sponsored media of a number of Arab and Muslim nations, as well as on their television shows and websites, and books which allege instances of Jewish blood libels are not uncommon there.^[112] The blood libel was featured in a scene in the Syrian TV serial Ash-Shatat, shown in 2003.^{[113] [114]}

In 2007, Lebanese poet Marwan Chamoun, in an interview aired on Télé Liban, referred to the "... slaughter of the priest Tomaso de Camangiano ... in 1840... in the presence of two rabbis in the centre of Damascus, in the domicile of a close friend of this priest, Daud Al-Harari, the head of the Jewish community of Damascus. After he was slaughtered, his blood was collected, and the two rabbis took information technology."^[115] A novel, Death of a Monk, based on the Damascus affair, was published in 2004.

Run across also [edit]

• Blood atonement
• Claret curse
• Blood ritual
• Cake of Light
• Conspiracy theory
• Human cannibalism
• Kiddush#History of using white wine
• Sefer HaRazim
• Moral panic
• Salem witch trials
• Satanic ritual corruption

References [edit]

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Gottheil, Richard; Strack, Hermann Fifty.; Jacobs, Joseph (1901–1906). "Blood Accusation". Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
2. ^ ^{a b} Dundes, Alan, ed. (1991). The Blood Libel Legend: A Casebook in Anti-Semitic Folklore . University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN978-0-299-13114-2.
3. ^ Turvey, Brent E. Criminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioral Evidence Analysis, Academic Printing, 2008, p. 3. "Blood libel: An allegation of ritual murder made confronting i or more than persons, typically of the Jewish faith".
4. ^ ^{a b} Chanes, Jerome A. Antisemitism: A Reference Handbook, ABC-CLIO, 2004, pp. 34–45. "Among the virtually serious of these [anti-Jewish] manifestations, which reflect to the present day, were those of the libels: the leveling of charges against Jews, particularly the blood libel and the libel of desecrating the host."
5. ^ Goldish, Matt. Jewish Questions: Responsa on Sephardic Life in the Early Modern Period, Princeton University Press, 2008, p. 8. "In the period from the twelfth to the twentieth centuries, Jews were regularly charged with blood libel or ritual murder – that Jews kidnapped and murdered non-Jews equally role of a Jewish religious ritual."
6. ^ Zeitlin, Due south "The Blood Allegation" Vigiliae Christianae, Vol. fifty, No. 2 (1996), pp. 117–124
7. ^ Norman Cohn, Europe'south Inner Demons, (1975) Paladin Books 1976 pp.one-viii.
8. ^ Albert Ehrman, 'The Origins of the Ritual Murder Accusation and Blood Libel,' Tradition vol.14, No.4 Spring 1976 p.83
9. ^ Angelo Due south. Rappoport The Sociology of the Jews (London: Soncino Press, 1937), pp. 195–203 Archived xviii Apr 2011 at the Wayback Machine
10. ^ Walter Laqueur (2006): The Irresolute Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Nowadays 24-hour interval, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-530429-2. p. 56
11. ^ "What does 'blood libel' mean?". 12 Jan 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2018 – via www.bbc.com.
12. ^ Jim Geraghty (12 Jan 2011). "The Term 'Blood Libel': More Common Than You Might Think". National Review . Retrieved 16 April 2018.
13. ^ Boteach, Shmuley (fourteen January 2011). "Sarah Palin Is Correct About 'Blood Libel'". wsj.com.
14. ^ Paul R. Bartrop, Samuel Totten, Dictionary of Genocide, ABC-CLIO, 2007, p. 45.
15. ^ Claret ACCUSATION in Jewish Encyclopedia. (Richard Gottheil, Hermann L. Strack, Joseph Jacobs). Accessed ten/31/18. Note that the version of the Jewish Encyclopedia here quoted misspells the proper name Damocritus as Democritus, the name of an unrelated philosopher.
16. ^ David Patterson (2015). Anti-Semitism and Its Metaphysical Origins. Cambridge Academy Printing. p. i. ISBN978-1-107-04074-8.
17. ^ Louis H. Feldman, Jew and Gentile in the Ancient Earth: Attitudes and Interactions from Alexander to Justinian, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1993. pp. 126–27.
18. ^ Feldman, Louis H. Studies in Hellenistic Judaism, Brill, 1996, p. 293.
19. ^ "Blood libel in Syria". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
20. ^ Lily Galili (18 Feb 2007). "And if information technology'south not good for the Jews?". Haaretz . Retrieved 18 February 2007.
21. ^ Ii Nations in Your Womb: Perceptions of Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages by Israel J. Yuval; translated past Barbara Harshav and Jonathan Chipman, University of California Press, 2006
22. ^ Langham, Raphael (ten March 2008). "William of Norwich". The Jewish Historical Society of England. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2019. ;
    Langmuir, Gavin I (1996), Toward a Definition of Antisemitism, University of California Press, pp. 216ff.
23. ^  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. William of Norwich". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Visitor.
24. ^ Design, SUMO. "The 1190 Massacre: History of York". world wide web.historyofyork.org.uk.
25. ^ "Jewish bodies constitute in medieval well in Norwich". BBC News. 23 June 2011.
26. ^ "The Knight's Tale of Immature Hugh of Lincoln", Gavin I. Langmuir, Speculum, Vol. 47, No. 3 (July 1972), pp. 459–482.
27. ^ See Langmuir (1972), p479; Jacobs, Jewish Ideals, pp. 192–224
28. ^ Albert Ehrman, "The Origins of the Ritual Murder Allegation and Blood Libel," Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Idea, Vol. fifteen, No. 4 (Jump 1976): 86
29. ^ Albert Ehrman, "The Origins of the Ritual Murder Accusation and Claret Libel," Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought, Vol. fifteen, No. 4 (Bound 1976): 88.
30. ^ ^{a b c} Albert Ehrman, "The Origins of the Ritual Murder Accusation and Blood Libel," Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Spring 1976): 85.
31. ^ ^{a b} Susan L. Einbinder "Pucellina of Blois: Romantic Myths and Narrative Conventions," Jewish History, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Bound 1998): 29
32. ^ Hallo, William West.; Ruderman, David B.; Stanislawski, Michael, eds. (1984). Heritage: Civilization and the Jews: Source Reader. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger Special Studies. p. 134. ISBN978-0275916084.
33. ^ Trachtenberg, Joshua, ed. (1943). The Devil and the Jews, The Medieval Conception of the Jew and its Relation to Modernistic Anti-Semitism. Yale University Printing. ISBN0-8276-0227-eight.
34. ^ ^{a b} Susan L. Einbinder "Pucellina of Blois: Romantic Myths and Narrative Conventions," Jewish History, Vol. 12, No. ane (Spring 1998): 30-31.
35. ^ Susan L. Einbinder "Pucellina of Blois: Romantic Myths and Narrative Conventions," Jewish History, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Leap 1998): 31.
36. ^ "1235: 34 Jews Burned to Death in First 'Blood Cannibalism' Case". Haaretz. 28 December 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
37. ^ "Claret Libel". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
38. ^ Steven Chiliad. Baum, "When Fairy Tales Kill," Periodical for the Written report of Antisemitism, Vol. ane, No. ii (2009): 190-191.
39. ^ Siegmund Salfeld, Das Martyrologium des Nürnberger Memorbuches (1898), pp. 15, 128–130
40. ^ ^{a b} "Blood Libel," Zionism and Israel — Encyclopedic Dictionary, n.d. http://world wide web.zionism-israel.com/dic/blood_libel.htm.
41. ^ Jörg R. Müller, "Ereẓ gezerah—'Land of Persecution': Pogroms against the Jews in the regnum Teutonicum from c. 1280 to 1350," The Jews of Europe in the Middle Ages (Tenth to Fifteenth Centuries): Proceedings of the International Symposium, ed. Christoph Cluse (20–25 Oct 2002): 249.
42. ^ ^{a b} Ariel Toaff, Blood Passover, trans. Gian Marco Lucchese and Pietro Gianetti (AAARG, 2007): 64.
43. ^ Jörg R. Müller, "Ereẓ gezerah—'Land of Persecution': Pogroms confronting the Jews in the regnum Teutonicum from c. 1280 to 1350," The Jews of Europe in the Middle Ages (Tenth to Fifteenth Centuries): Proceedings of the International Symposium, ed. Christoph Cluse (20–25 October 2002): 249-250.
44. ^ ^{a b} Jörg R. Müller, "Ereẓ gezerah—'Land of Persecution': Pogroms against the Jews in the regnum Teutonicum from c. 1280 to 1350," The Jews of Europe in the Middle Ages (Tenth to Fifteenth Centuries): Proceedings of the International Symposium, ed. Christoph Cluse (xx–25 October 2002): 250.
45. ^ ^{a b} Albert Winkler, "The Approach of the Black Death in Switzerland and the Persecution of Jews, 1348–1349," Swiss American Historical Social club Review, Vol. 43, No. 3 (2007): 14.
46. ^ "Katholische Schweizer-Blätter", Lucerne, 1888.
47. ^ Jeffrey Cohen, Review of The Murder of William of Norwich: The Origins of the Blood Libel in Medieval Europe, by E.M. Rose Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 47, No. 3 (Wintertime 2017): 410.
48. ^ Joshua Trachtenberg, The Devil and the Jews: The Medieval Conception of the Jew and its Relation to Modern Anti-Semitism. (Vardo Books, 2001): 142-143.
49. ^ Reston, James: "Dogs of God: Columbus, the Inquisition, and the defeat of the Moors", p. 207. Doubleday, 2005. ISBN 0-385-50848-4
50. ^ (:Unav) (2017). "Sexing_the_Jewish_Body.PDF". doi:10.7916/D89Z9CT6.
51. ^ richardsh (27 May 2015). "27 May 1529 Blood Libel and Burning to Expiry of thirty Jews in Bazin, Hungary #otdimjh". On This Twenty-four hours In Messianic Jewish History . Retrieved 29 September 2020.
52. ^ "Pezinok". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 29 September 2020.
53. ^ Medieval Sourcebook: A Blood Libel Cult: Anderl von Rinn, d. 1462 www.fordham.edu.
54. ^ Edmund Levin, The Exoneration of Raphael Levy, The Wall Street Periodical, two February 2014. Accessed 10 October 2016.
55. ^ Is the New in the Post-Soviet Space Merely the Forgotten Former? by Leonid Stonov, International Manager of Bureau for the Homo Rights and Constabulary-Observance in the Former Soviet Union, the President of the American Clan of Jews from the one-time USSR
56. ^ Belarus. International Religious Freedom Report 2003 Archived 7 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor
57. ^ Belarus. International Religious Liberty Report 2004 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Homo Rights, and Labor
58. ^ Belarus. International Religious Freedom Report 2005 Released by the Bureau of Republic, Human being Rights, and Labor
59. ^ Republic of belarus. International Religious Freedom Written report 2006 Released past the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
60. ^ "Belarus". Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2004 (PDF). U.S. Department of Land. p. 281. Archived from the original (PDF) on vi January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
61. ^ "U.Due south. Department of State Almanac Report on International Religious Liberty for 2006 - Republic of belarus". UNHCR. Archived from the original on 7 September 2007. Retrieved 10 Baronial 2013.
62. ^ Avrutin, Eugene (2017). The Velizh Affair: Blood Libel in a Russian Boondocks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN9780190640521.
63. ^ Effie Ambler, Russian Journalism and Politics: The Career of Aleksei S. Suvorin, 1861–1881 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1972: ISBN 0-8143-1461-nine), p. 172.
64. ^ Littman, David (1979). "Jews Under Muslim Rule: The Example Of Persia" (PDF). Institute of Contemporary History. p. xiv.
65. ^ Malamud, Bernard, ed. (1966). The Fixer. POCKET BOOKS, a Simon & Schuster partitioning of GULF & WESTERN CORPORATION. ISBN0-671-82568-2.
66. ^ German propaganda archive – Caricatures from Der Stürmer, Calvin College website.
67. ^ Bankier, David (1 January 2005). The Jews are Coming Dorsum: The Return of the Jews to Their Countries of Origin After WW 2. Berghahn Books. ISBN9781571815279. ^{[ page needed ]}
68. ^ Gerber, Gane Southward. (1986). "Anti-Semitism and the Muslim Earth". In Berger, David (ed.). History and detest: the dimensions of anti-Semitism. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. p. 88. ISBN0-8276-0267-seven. LCCN 86002995. OCLC 13327957.
69. ^ Frankel, Jonathan. The Damascus Affair: "Ritual Murder", Politics, and the Jews in 1840, pp. 418, 421. Cambridge University Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-521-48396-4
70. ^ Jeffrey Goldberg (2008). Prisoners: A Story of Friendship and Terror. Vintage Books. p. 250. ISBN978-0-375-72670-v.
71. ^ "Письмо пятисот. Вторая серия. Лучше не стало". Xeno.sova-middle.ru. Retrieved 23 Jan 2010.
72. ^ "Русская линия / Актуальные темы / "Письмо пятисот": Обращение в Генеральную прокуратуру представителей русской общественности с призывом запретить в России экстремистские еврейские организации". Rusk.ru. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
73. ^ "The investigation of the murder of five schoolboys in Krasnoyarsk was extended again (Regnum, 20 August 2007)". Regnum.ru. 20 Baronial 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
74. ^ ""Jewish people were accused with murder of children in Krasnoyarsk" ("Regnum", 12 May 2005)". Regnum.ru. 16 May 2005. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
75. ^ "Russian nationalistic publishers "Russian Idea", the commodity about the antisemitic motility "Living Without the Fear of the Jews.", June 2007: "...the murder of five children in Krasnoyarsk, which bodies were bloodless. Our layer V. A. Solomatov said that there is undoubtedly a ritual murder..."". Rusidea.org. Retrieved 23 Jan 2010.
76. ^ "В убийстве красноярских детей обвинили евреев и вспомнили дело Бейлиса" [Hasids were defendant in Krasnoyarsk children murder, the Beilis Matter was reanimated]. regnum.ru. xvi May 2005.
77. ^ "Islamic Movement head charged with incitement to racism, violence", Haaretz, 29 Jan 2008.
78. ^ "Joanna Tokarska-Bakir, Legendy o krwi, antropologia przesądu (Anthropology of Prejudice: Blood Libel Myths) Warsaw, WAB, 2008, 796 pp, 89 złotys, reviewed hither by Jean-Yves Potel".
79. ^ "Legendy o krwi. Antropologia przesądu". Lubimyczytać.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 13 July 2019.
80. ^ Jaskułowski, Krzysztof (21 Apr 2010). "Legendy o krwi". Miesięcznik Znak (in Smooth). Retrieved 13 July 2019.
81. ^ "Egyptian extremists an ill wind in Arab Spring" past Harry Sterling, Calgary Herald, 2 September 2011. p. A13
82. ^ Blood Libel on Hamas' Al-Aqsa Tv – American Center for Islamic Enquiry President Dr. Sallah Sultan: Jews Murder Not-Jews and Use Their Blood for Passover Matzos, MEMRI, Special Acceleration No. 2907, xiv April 2010.
83. ^ Blood Libel on Hamas Television - President of the American Center for Islamic Enquiry Dr. Sallah Sultan: Jews Murder Non-Jews and Use Their Blood to Knead Passover Matzos, MEMRITV, clip no. 2443 – Transcript, 31 March 2010 (video prune available here).
84. ^ Islamic group invited anti-Semitic speaker Archived 16 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Local (Sweden's News in English), 25 March 2011.
85. ^ Egypt: More Calls to Murder Israelis by Maayana Miskin, Arutz Sheva 7 (Isranelnationalnews.com), 28 August 2011.
86. ^ Why the Muslim Association doesn't express reservations towards Antisemitism Archived 19 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine by Willie Silberstein, Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism (CFCA), 17 April 2011.
87. ^ Saudi Cleric Salman Al-Odeh: Jews Use Human Blood for Passover Matzos, MEMRITV, Clip No. 3536, (transcript), xiii August 2012.
88. ^ Saudi cleric accuses Jewish people of genocide, drinking man blood by Ilan Ben Zion, The Times of State of israel, sixteen August 2012.
89. ^ Palestinian non-profit belatedly apologizes for claret libel commodity Archived half dozen April 2013 at the Wayback Machine
90. ^ Egyptian Politician Khaled Zaafrani: Jews Apply Man Blood for Passover Matzos, MEMRITV, Prune No. 3873 (transcript), 24 May 2013 (encounter besides: Video Clip).
91. ^ Egyptian Politician: Jews Use Human Blood for Passover Matzos by Elad Benari, Arutz Sheva, 17 June 2013.
92. ^ Egyptian politician revives Passover blood libel by Gavriel Fiske, Times of Israel, 19 June 2013.
93. ^ Pinnacle Hamas Official Osama Hamdan: Jews Use Blood for Passover Matzos, MEMRITV, Clip No. 4384 (transcript), 28 July 2014. (video prune available here)
94. ^ Blood libel: the myth that fuels anti-Semitism by Candida Moss and Joel Baden, special to CNN, half dozen August 2014.
95. ^ Fri Sermon past Former Jordanian Minister: Jews Use Children's Blood for Their Holiday Matzos, MEMRI Clip No. 4454 (transcript), 22 August 2014. (video prune bachelor here).
96. ^ Reich, Aaron (27 March 2020). "Italian artist accused of antisemitism for new painting of blood libel". The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 12 April 2020.
97. ^ Liphshiz, Cnaan (28 March 2020). "Italian painter unveils depiction of 1475 blood libel". State of israel National News . Retrieved 12 April 2020.
98. ^ Rothschild, Mike (22 June 2021). The Storm Is Upon Us: How QAnon Became a Movement, Cult, and Conspiracy Theory of Everything. Octopus. pp. 58–61. ISBN978-ane-80096-046-vi.
99. ^ Lee, Ella (3 February 2022). "Fact check: Sculpture is evidence of antisemitic 'blood libel,' non simulated QAnon theory". United states Today . Retrieved 6 February 2022.
100. ^ English translation here [1].
101. ^ Every bit shown past David Kertzer in The Popes Against the Jews (New York, 2001), pp. 161–63.
102. ^ Pope Innocent Iv, Catholic Encyclopedia (1910), Vol. 8, pp. 393–394
103. ^ Pope Gregory Ten. "Medieval Sourcebook: Gregory 10: Alphabetic character on Jews, (1271-76) - Against the Blood Libel". Retrieved seven May 2007.
104. ^ Marina Caffiero, Forced Baptisms: Histories of Jews, Christians, and Converts in Papal Rome, translated by Lydia G. Cochrane (University of California Printing, 2012), pp. 34-36.
105. ^ Mansel, Philip (1998). Constantinople: City of the Earth'due south Desire, 1453–1924. New York: St. Martin'south Griffin. p. 124. ISBN978-0-312-18708-eight.
106. ^ ^{a b} Lewis, Donald (two January 2014). The Origins of Christian Zionism: Lord Shaftesbury And Evangelical Back up For A Jewish Homeland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 380. ISBN9781107631960.
107. ^ ^{a b c} Bernard Lewis (1984). The Jews of Islam. Princeton University Printing. pp. 158–159.
108. ^ An Anti-Jewish Book Linked to Syrian Aide, The New York Times, fifteen July 1986.
109. ^ ^{a b} "Literature Based on Mixed Sources – Classic Blood Libel: Mustafa Tlas' Matzah of Zion". ADL. Archived from the original on 13 April 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
110. ^ Blood Libel Judith Apter Klinghoffer, History News Network, nineteen December 2006.
111. ^ Osama El-Baz. "Al-Ahram Weekly Online, 2–8 January 2003 (Outcome No. 619)". Weekly.ahram.org.eg. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
112. ^ Antisemitic blood libel in the modern world:
     • In 1986, the Defense Minister of Syria Mustafa Tlass authored the book The Matzah of Zion. The book renews the anti-Jewish ritual murder accusations of 1840 Damascus affair and alleges that The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a factual document. (Frankel, Jonathan. The Damascus Affair: "Ritual Murder", Politics, and the Jews in 1840, pp. 418, 421. Cambridge University Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-521-48396-iv)
     • In 2001 an Egyptian film company produced and aired a movie titled Horseman Without a Equus caballus, partly based on Tlass's book.
     • The Syrian TV serial Ash-Shatat ("The Diaspora") depicts Jews engaging in a conspiracy to rule the world, murder Christian children, and use their claret to bake matzah.
     • Iranian Tv Blood Libel 22 December 2005
     • Male monarch Faisal of Saudi Arabia accused Jews of a claret libel in Paris. Gane S. Gerber (1986): History and hate: the dimensions of anti-Semitism. Jewish Publication Society of AmericaISBN 0827602677 p. 88
113. ^ Anti-Semitic Serial airs on Arab Goggle box Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Car, Anti Defamation League, nine Jan 2004
114. ^ Prune from Ash-Shatat, MEMRI
115. ^ Lebanese Poet Marwan Chamoun: Jews Slaughtered Christian Priest in Damascus in 1840 and Used His Blood for Matzos (MEMRI Special Dispatch Serial - No. 1453) February 6, 2007

Further reading [edit]

• Bemporad, Elissa (2019). Legacy of Claret: Jews, Pogroms, and Ritual Murder in the Lands of the Soviets. Oxford Academy Press. ISBN978-0-nineteen-046647-3.
• Dundes, Alan (1991). The Blood Libel Legend: A Casebook in Anti-Semitic Folklore . University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN978-0-299-13114-2.
• Hsia, R. Po-chia (1998) The Myth of Ritual Murder: Jews and Magic in Reformation Federal republic of germany. New Oasis: Yale University Printing. ISBN 0-300-04120-9
• Kieval, Hillel J. (2022). Blood Inscriptions: Scientific discipline, Modernity, and Ritual Murder at Europe's Fin de Siecle. University of Pennsylvania Printing. ISBN978-0-8122-9838-3.
• O'Brien, Darren (2011) The Pinnacle of Hatred: The Claret Libel and the Jews. Jerusalem: Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew Academy Magnes Printing. ISBN 978-9654934770
• Rose, East. 1000. (2015) The Murder of William of Norwich: The Origins of the Blood Libel in Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press ISBN 9780190219628
• Teter, Magda (2020). Claret Libel: On the Trail of an Antisemitic Myth. Harvard Academy Press. ISBN978-0-674-24355-two.
• Yuval, Israel Jacob (2006) Ii Nations in Your Womb: Perceptions of Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Berkeley: Academy of California Printing. pp. 135-204

External links [edit]

Wait up claret libel in Wiktionary, the free lexicon.

rosepruch1952.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel

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